Daniel Defoe :: Essays Papers

Daniel Defoe Daniel Defoe (1660?-1731), English journalist and novelist, whose work reflects his diverse experiences in many countries and in many walks of life. alike being a brilliant journalist, novelist, and social thinker, Defoe was an outstanding author, producing more than 500 pieces of literature.Defoe was born in London about 1660, the son of a candle merchandiser named Foe. Daniel added De to his name about 1700. He was educated for the Presbyterian ministry but decided to go into business in 1685. He became a hosiery merchant, and his business gave him frequent opportunities to make a motion throughout western Europe.An opponent of the Roman Catholic King James II, in 1685 Defoe took an active part in the unsuccessful rebellion led by the Duke of Monmouth against the king. In 1692 his business went into bankruptcy, but subsequently he acquired control of a tile and brick factory. He obtained a government post in 1695 and the same twelvemonth wrote An Essay upon Project s, a remarkable writing of matters of public concern, such as the education of women. Especially noteworthy among his writings during the next several years was the satirical poem The True-born Englishman (1701), an attack on beliefs in racial or national superiority, which was directed particularly toward those English people who resented the new king, William III, for being Dutch.The next year Defoe anonymously published a tract entitled The Shortest Way with the Dissenters, which satirized religious intolerance by pretending to share the prejudices of the Anglican church against nonconformists. In 1703, when it was strand that Defoe had written the tract, he was arrested and punished with an indeterminate term in jail. Robert Harley, the speaker of the House of Commons, gave Defoe his release in November 1703, on the condition that he agree to start out a secret agent and public propagandist for the government.During his time in prison Defoes business had been ruined, so he tu rned to journalism for his living. From 1704 to 1713 he issued a triweekly news journal entitled The Review, for which he did most of the writing. Its opinions and interpretations were often independent, but generally, The Review leaned toward the government in power. Defoe wrote strongly in favor of conglutination with Scotland, and his duties as secret agent may have included other activities on behalf of union, which was achieved in 1707. In 1709 he wrote a History of the Union.

The Character of Mr. Jaggers in Great Expectations Essay example -- Gr

The Character of Mr. Jaggers in Great ExpectationsMr. Jaggers plays a pivotal role in the novel, Great Expectations, written by Charles Dickens.  We are first introduced to him in Chapter 11, where murder encounters the rather condescending lawyer on the stairs of Satis House. Pip describes Mr. Jaggers as a burly man of an exceedingly dark complexion. We cannot help but identify that he is passing pontificating, by virtue of him holding Pips chin and being almost sure that Pip was of a bad set of fellows although he had but known Pip for two minutes. Mr. Jaggers silent and terrifying ambiguity conjures mystery and enigma all around him. We find that very little is mentioned of his background and that he has no family. He is the epitome of callousness and displays the very least human feelings and affection. Through his desperate attempts to remain on the pedestal and away from social company, he is also Dickens classic example of isolationism, in line with the theme of Great Expectations. He fears that friendly relationships with others will inconvenience his professional work. Undoubtedly, we find him to be an extremely intelligent and capable lawyer of high calibre. It is he that saves both Molly and Magwitch from the gallows through his expertise. He is also the one who supposedly saves Estella from the misery of orphanhood. Although many may argue that he did her more harm than good by giving her to Miss Havisham, we cannot blame him for he thought that here was one pretty tyke out of the heap who could be saved., which he did. By doing all this, he contributes effectively to the movement of the plot.             Nevertheless, we also observe that... ...mphasizes that If my advice had been asked, I should not have been here. It was not asked, and you see me here. This demonstrates that at the very beginning, Mr. Jaggers looked down on Pip and did not consider him worth the money and effort. Overall, Mr . Jaggers is a classic and exemplary embodiment of twee society. He is of paramount significance to the novels plot, but more so to the theme. He is connected to every part of the plot. Through him, we learn what Victorian society was really like - how it judged people, how it treated people and how cruel and unjust it was. Indeed, Mr. Jaggers is Dickens social message that a true gentleman with morals, human feelings and the spirit of justice was better than a born gentleman imbued with the social prerequisites of class and material wealth. This is what the theme of Great Expectations is essentially about.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Hello, Class of 2012.Were graduating.June 12 is the day we have change stateed toward for the past 12 years. We have reached the time where we say arrivederci to Hayes and hello to our futures outside its hallowed walls.Our teachers have taught all they can about lifes many obstacles and pitfalls, and even taught us a few tricks on how to work them out. Every year we have met new teachers who have made such an impact on our lives that we keep in contact throughout the years. They gave us memories to harbor and keep with us. They have been there for us when we needed them, and they never complained. We knew we could always go to them with our problems and not be judged. We have had our star athletes, our strong academic students, and our singular artists and performers. But I believe the strong, the extraordinary, the stars of Hayes High School were and always will be the teachers. We will never forget them.Were graduating.The stars in our life ar not only found inside Hayes wall s, but elsewhere. These people have to put up with us every day and every night. They hav...

Rattle Bone :: essays research papers

Pieces of a Novel Puzzle&8220A novel or a collection of short stories? may be a question that a critic asks about Rattleb bingle. Maxine Clair portrays both arguments with her energetic writing style. A blend of haphazard comments and worldy unique phrases intermix with the intense plot. Writing like this gives the reader a more relaxed state and the book seems more alive and real. In resolvent to the critique question, Maxine Clair is writing a novel because of an abundant supply of foreshadowing, a collection of narrators, a recurrence of characters, and a process commonly known to man as aging.Suggesting that Rattlebone is in fact a novel, foreshadowing occurred in several places during the book. Clair uses this writing method by mentioning the name October Brown, partly because Brown is involved at the beginning and towards the end of the book. Ms. Brown became an important part of Irene&8217s life, not only by being one of the main reasons for her parents&8217 divorce, but a lso by helping Irene accomplish one of her goals. The time that occurred between these two events in the book connects Rattlebone and is a very good use of foreshadowing. Another example of Clair&8217s use of this writing method is the experience of the divorce between Irene&8217s parents. This long-term process displayed Irene&8217s parents as being unforgiving. At first his married woman forgives James Wilson for the affair that he enjoyed with October Brown, but after a period of time, Pearl also had her share of the fall in their relationship. At this time, neither one of Irene&8217s parents would forgive the other nor make up with the other. This example again shows the use of foreshadowing by Clair by evolving the event over several chapters with several(predicate) narrators.Irene, the narrator in several different stages of the divorce between her parents, speaks her feelings of disgust and always tries to keep her parents&8217 relationship together. Another side of the myt h comes from October Brown&8217s landlord, Mrs. Pemberton. Mrs. Pemberton wants nothing to do with the affair and therefor tries to separate the two lovers. Irene takes the stage again and reveals to the reader subconsciously, that her father is the man having the affair. The use of two narrators, each having a different look at the situation, may seem confusing to the reader at first, but once the chapters are all read and the whole story gets across, it becomes apparent why the change in narration was necessary.

Dentist Essay -- essays research papers

The Trip to the Dentist OfficeThinking to myself, is there any way I could jolt back in my car and head back for home, I enter the tall thin tan colored brick building and walk over to the elevator, hoping that the last half minute of scrubbing my teeth to death pays off. Nervously, I push the up button and patiently wait. The elevator door promptly opens and I am engulfed, the door closes, up I go. Once on the second floor, I exit the elevator and immediately I can smell the mixture of the wintergreen flavored tooth paste and the provoke aroma of bleach out in the hall, along with the sound of the teeth grinding drills which gives, no longer the feeling of the dentist office but of avenue construction area. With the opening of the outer door, the blast of cool air hits me giving a feeling of being naked in the cold brutal winter. I walk in and add my name to the list on the long sign in sheet. Andrew, the slim silver haired woman behind the winter exsanguinous frosted glass sli de window, sees me and lets me know that the dentist will be ready in a split second.While I wait hesitantly for the dental assistant in her crisp clean creme colored uniform to announce my name, I look at the tiny tropical turquoise disperse fish in the large crystal clear tank sitting in the corner of the room. The sleek silent fish dart about performing hide and seek with the plastic mermaid figure sunken deep at the bottom of the tank wit...

Dentist Essay -- essays research papers

The Trip to the Dentist OfficeThinking to myself, is there any authority I could jolt back in my car and head back for home, I enter the tall thin tan colored brick building and passing over to the elevator, hoping that the last half hour of scrubbing my teeth to death pays off. Nervously, I push the up button and patiently wait. The elevator door speedily opens and I am engulfed, the door closes, up I go. Once on the second floor, I exit the elevator and immediately I can facial expression the mixture of the wintergreen flavored tooth paste and the overwhelming aroma of bleach out in the hall, along with the sound of the teeth grinding drills which gives, no longer the signature of the dentist office but of road construction area. With the opening of the outer door, the blast of cool air hits me giving a feeling of being sore in the cold brutal winter. I walk in and add my name to the list on the long sign in sheet. Andrew, the slim ash grey haired woman behind the winter wh ite frosted glass slide window, sees me and lets me know that the dentist will be ready in a break up second.While I wait hesitantly for the dental assistant in her crisp clean creme colored uniform to announce my name, I look at the tiny tropical turquoise splashed fish in the large crystal clear tank sitting in the corner of the room. The sleek slow fish dart about playing hide and seek with the plastic mermaid figure sunken deep at the bottom of the tank wit...

We Can Raise Antibodies Against a Specific Antigen, How

We Can Raise Antibodies Against a Specific Antigen, How? BY loveyal 2345 midterm exam 2 Review Antibodies Experimental Purpose We flowerpot raise antibodies against a specific antigen (protein of interest) How? Polyclonal 1 antigen with many antibodies that bind to specific sites on the antigen (Received by injecting puppet with protein of interest, waiting for that animal to build antibodies (B-lymphocytes). The lymphocytes are then extracted which give us the polyclonal antibodies. Monoclonal I antibody that binds to a specific site on the antigen. (These are sure by the same way as polyclonal, expect you only extract ne antibody, and place that into a cancer cell to create a chimera of the two, the immortal cancer cell then acts like the monoclonal antibody. ) These are the best to use in experiments because they are specific to only ONE protein of interest. These antibodies can used in experiments to Purify a protein of interest Visualize a particular protein in a live system or in a gel HowProbe the gel to visualize where a protein is. Probing Protein Structure 1) X-ray crystallography Spend h your life producing sufficiently pure protein and obtaining a crystal protein (Crystallizing the proteins is a hard process) Shoot crystal protein with light, electrons, or radiation and examine the diffraction patterns with extremely powerful computers -Analyze all the data while considering the amino-acid sequence and build a three-D model of the protein. ) NMR-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( go ford rarely) For small proteins only Shoot concentrated pure proteins with strong magnetic field to generate hydrogen atom vibrations. Use computer program to measure reconstruct the structure of the protein by measuring the hydrogen atom vibrations. Mass spectrometry is used as a herald to both of these experiments. It generates the amino-acid sequence.Protein Purification 1) Grow Cells with protein of interest (transferred on plasmid or native cell) 2) Lyse Cells -h omogenization of tissuesdid in lab -cell lysis buffersbreak cell membrane -sonicationsend cash in ones chips waves through the cell to break membrane -pin-hole lysispush mixture through an extremely tiny hole (Force large molecules through a small outset causes them to break apart) 3) Centrifugation A) Regular Centrifugation B) Differential Centrifugation Sequential centrifugation increasing speeds (lowohigh) -low speed pellets = big things -high speed pellets= small things C) Velocity Centrifugation layer cell and lysate over a engrossment gradient and centrifuge to separate by density. Remove layers to separate proteins. D)Equilibrium Sedimentation another name for C 4) Column Cromatography 3 types Ion exchange (charge disengagement)protein adheres to beads of an diametrical charge Gel filtration (size separation)matrix has holes, the large proteins come out last Affinity (Affinity separation)beads have something on it that only your protein binds to. ) Electrophoresis (smal l volume separation or detection) -use polyacrylimide gel (creates a mesh in the gel to separate proteins by size and charge. separates denatured proteins 6) Isoelectric focusing based on isolelectric point of protein2D electrophoresis Griffiths Experiment Conclusion heat killed bacteria transformed nonviolent bacteria Extract of heat killing S-strain transform R-strain to become S-strain Isolated transforming cloth (TM) and determined it was deoxyribonucleic acid not proteins that carried genetic information. (Took 1 5 years) How do we test Added proteases Injected into mouse lift should live (According to beliefs during that time period) Mouse however dies Added nucleases Mouse should die (According to beliefs during that time period) Mouse however livesThis illustrated that DNA carried the genetic information Hershey-chase Experiments Bacterio bacteriophagesvirus that infect bacteria Inject DNA into bacteria (naked)DNA susceptible by proteins Protein shell left outside of bac teria Label phages Label protein 7 groups of phages Label DNA in other groups of phages Mix both phage types with bacteria Blend bacterial mixture so that any viral parts outside the cell are ripped off Pellet bacteria and conserve that only DNA label types is seen in pelleted bacteria Proved DNA carries genetic information 1) Grow bacteria with light DNA (14N) and heavy DNA (1 5N) which will separate to ifferent levels upon density-gradient centrifugation 2) Transfer heavy DNA and place in flask with light isotope Allows to eliminate conservative view 3) Heat DNA from stride 2 to make it single stranded, then centrifuge.

Inductive and Deductive Agruments

Kurt Lieberknecht The similarities and difference betwixt inducive and deductive demarcations. The best way to recognize the similarities and difference between inductive and deductive arguments, it would be best if the term argument had a definition. Everyday people befool arguments. For these everyday conversations argument nitty-gritty dispute. In this Logic class an argument consists of claims or statements followed by a final claim. The statements that articulates the reason for agreement of the final claim call backed the exposits (Internet encyclopaedia of Philosophy, 2007, Argument).This class uses this definition of argument to determine how to build a position on certain ables, and reasoning to convince others to accept the final claim or ending (Hurley, P. A Concise Introduction to Logic11/e, 2012, 2). Ifmore logical arguments were presented, there might befewer non-logical arguments or nonarguments. This gets to the main subject of comparing and contrasting ind uctive and deductive arguments. Statements fuel be considered arguments or nonarguments. Arguments can be either inductive or deductive. An argument leads to a oddment led by a precede or set forth.The premises can be line up or false, in which case will change a deductive argument from sound to unsound and vice versa. The same is true for inductive arguments but the wording is cogent or uncogent. These arguments also have a terminology that describes them even further. A deductive argument can be valid or invalid, and an inductive argument can be pissed or weak. Some of the biggest difference between the two includes that an inductive argument includes new entropy into the argument to make the final conclusion, deductive arguments use repeating in take a crapation to get to a conclusion, and wording (Smith, Mathew 2012, Logical Argument).The subject of what constitutes as an argument, it needs to consist of one or more premises and a conclusion (Hurley, P. A Concise Introduc tion to Logic 11/e, 2012, 14). When the premises present high-quality reasons to accept the conclusion it is stated that it is an argument. If the premises fail to support the conclusion it is still considered an argument as it has a premise and a conclusion. Being an argument does not always make the conclusiontrue that only predetermines that the conclusion follows from the premises.Ifthe premises be reasonable, and the final claim relates to the premises, the conclusion is very likely to be true (Hurley, 16). In other words, it is necessary for a statement to have a premise and a conclusion to be recognized as an argument in this Logic class. The argument needs to be checked if the premises be true or reasonable tobelieve, and if the statements atomic number 18 clear. If all this is the case, it is a logical argument. If there logical argument that is deductive it is called sound. If there is a logical argument that is inductive it is called cogent.In adeductiveargument, a per son states that the conclusion must be correctif, and only if, the premises are true. If the premises support the final claim, it is avalidargument 1. Dogs have whiskers. 2. Animals with whiskers are mammals. C. Dogs are mammals. This is a deductive argument that is valid and has true premises it is called asoundargument. If the premises are false but the conclusion is true it is considered an unsound argument. This is a valid argument, but it is unsound. Here is an example. 1. All birds can fly. 2. A penguin is a bird. C. A penguin can fly.This is a valid argument because the premises support the conclusion, but a penguin clearly cannot fly. The premise all birds can fly is false do it an unsound argument. If a deductive argument has magnanimous or incorrect logic, the premises do not support the conclusion even if the premises are true, the argument isinvalid. 1. All humans are mammals. 2. Mikes dog is a mammal. C. Mikes dog is a human. 1. When Tim takes a shower, Tim gets wet. 2. Tim is wet. C. Tim must have taken a shower. Both conclusions are false Mikes dog, clearly, is not a human, and Tim could have just fallen in a ditch, or even was sprayed by a water gun.These examples show that truth of the premises is irrelevant for the validity of an argument and that validity relies solely on the logical form and if the premises support the conclusion. When a deductive argument has false premises and a true conclusion or if it has true premises but bad logic, the argument is flawed and we should reject its conclusion. It is unsound. If a deductive argument is clear, validand has all true premises, it is a valid soundargument and there is a reason to accept its conclusion. In aninductiveargument, a person claims that the conclusion is true and it is highly likely if the premises are true.If an inductive argument is logical, we call it a well-knitargument. If an inductive argument has bad or incorrect logic, the argument isweak. Here are a few examples 1. Most s tudents at a community college sleep with within a 20 mile radius of the campus. 2. OJC is a community college. 3. Kurt is a student at OJC. C. He must live within a 20 mile radius of OJC. This conclusion is very probable because the premises are germane to the conclusion. Only because, all of the premises are true it is a cogent argument. We may say that this argument is true. . Taylor and Ana are both students at OJC. 2. Ana is tall and so is Taylor. 3. Ana and Taylor are both 20 old age old. 4. Ana majors in math, and so does Taylor. 5. Ana is on the volleyball team. C. Taylor must be on the team, too. This conclusion comes from outer space, nowhere. There are no premises that stir to our conclusion, except maybe that Ana and Taylor are both tall. This makes it an uncogent argument. The argument says nothing about athletic abilities, which Ana probably has because she is on the volleyball team.This does not mean that Taylor is athletic and can play volleyball. In order for an inductive argument to be strong and cogent, it should have reasonable and true premises that are relevant to the conclusion. If one or more premises are false it is a weak and uncogent argument. Reasonable people should believe the conclusions of sound and strong arguments because a sound or strong argument is that it is clear or defined as free from ambiguity or vagueness, has good logicandtrue premises (The Traditional Square of Opposition,Stanford encyclopedia of Philosophy).If an argument has good logic, its conclusion must be true if all the premises are true, it is obvious that the conclusion of a sound or strong argument is true. It is obvious that any human with reason should accept the conclusion of a sound or strong argument. A few more differences between inductive and deductive arguments are the wording and the ability to use special abilities to distinguish between a good or bad logic arguments. A deductive argument states that it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true. These require necessary reason.An inductive argument states that it is improbable for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true. They include probabilistic reasoning. There are key words in argument that play a key role in determining if the argument is Inductive or Deductive. A deductive argument could include different words such as necessarily, certainly, absolutely, or definitely (Hurley, P. A Concise Introduction to Logic 11/e, 2012, 33). Inductive arguments probably include words such as probably, improbable, plausible, implausible, likely, or incredible (Hurley, 33).Deductive arguments have many different forms. These forms are usually considered a deductive argument but each can be considered on a independent bases. Arguments that usually include mathematics, definitions, or syllogism are considered deductive. There are also different forms of syllogism. Categorical, hypothetical and disjunctive are three that were taught. Inductive arguments also lease different forms and those include predictions, analogies, generalizations, authorities, signs, and casual inference. Some arguments become hard to determine which is deductive and which is inductive (Hurley, P.A Concise Introduction to Logic11/e, 2012, 34). There is a list of steps to follow just like the order of operations in math. First, does the premise provide absolute support for the conclusion? If so this is a deductive argument. Next, if an argument has a specific deductive character or form. It is obviously deductive. The third indicator is having an inductive character or form. This would be considered an inductive argument. The fourth factor is that it could contain inductive language such as the list of words above. The next indicator is if it contains deductive language.The last factor is if the premise provides only probable support for the conclusion. It can truly be difficult to determine between inductive and deductive argume nts if they are incomplete and not in a correct form (Hurley, 36). There are definitely differences between inductive and deductive arguments. The best way to determine if it is inductive or deductive is to follow the six rules. It is much easier to determine if the argument is in a correct form and logical. The wording of each is very important and their definitions of being cogent, strong, valid, or sound is a very good way of determining the type of argument.BIBLOGRAPHY Parsons, Terence 2012, the Traditional Square of Opposition. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/square/) Retrieved Feb. 2, 2013. Smith, Mathew 2012, Logical Argument, (http//www. actdu. org. au/history/actein_site/logarg__. html) Retrieved Feb. 2 2013. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2007, Argument. (http//www. actdu. org. au/archives/actein_site/logarg__. html) Retrieved Jan. 30, 2013. Hurley, P. 2012,A Concise Introduction to Logic 11/e. Retrieved Jan. 31, 2013.

Designing Pay Levels, Mix and Pay Structures

CHAPTER 8 DESIGNING PAY LEVELS, MIX AND PAY STRUCTURES LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Identify the major decisions in establishing foreignly free-enterprise(a) indemnify. 2. diethylstilbestrolcribe the purpose(s) of a remuneration assess. 3. Discuss the importance of defining the relevant merchandise in a wear go off. 4. Explain the steps involved in designing a get survey. 5. Describe the key issues involved in interpreting the results of a correct survey. 6. Explain how the foodstuff contribute transmission line combines the internecine structure with impertinent market place. 7. Discuss the use of soften grades and founder identifys and their relationship to internal alignment and extraneous competitiveness. . Discuss the pros and cons of the market pricing approach to establishing a constitute structure. OUTLINE I. MAJOR DECISIONS A. There ar seven major decisions involved in setting externally competitive pay and designing the corresponding pay structures 1. speci fying employers external/competitive pay policy 2. define the purpose of the survey 3. admit the relevant market competitors 4. designing and conducting surveys 5. interpreting survey results and constructing the market line 6. constructing a pay policy line that reflects the external pay policy 7. alancing competitiveness with internal alignment through the use of ranges, flat rates, and/or mobs interpretationA survey is the systematic process of collecting and making judgments more or less the compensation compensable by other employers Steps in conducting wage and requital surveys 1. select the arguments to be surveyed 2. define the relevant markets 3. select the firms to be surveyed 4. determine the tuition to ask 5. determine the data collection proficiency 6. administer the survey II. SPECIFY COMPETITIVE PAY POLICY an external pay policy requires information on the external market surveys provide the data for translating that policy into pay levels, pay riffle & pay structures III. THE PURPOSE OF A SURVEY? A. Conducting a salary survey is necessary to obtain data to set an organizations pay policy sexual congress to its competitors. B. An employer conducts/participates in a survey for the following reasons its an opportunity to collect information to describe judgements regarding compensation to adjust pay to ever-changing external pay rates & recognize pay trends in marketplace to establish/develop or price an adequate pay structure to probe personnel problems that whitethorn be pay related defending pay practices in a court of law to attempt to estimate the proletariat cost of product market competitors hiring and retaining competent employees promoting deviseer productivity C. Adjust Pay Level How Much to Pay? market surveys provide information so that an employer will be able to adjust the firms pay levels congress to competitors (ex. AACSB salary survey) 1. most organizations make adjustments to employees pay on a regular bas is . these adjustments can be based on one, or more, of the following issues a. overall upward pop offment of pay rates caused by competition for people in the market. b. carrying into action. c. ability to pay. d. name specified in a contract. D. Adjust Pay Mix What Forms? 1. the mix of forms and their relative importance makes up the pay package 2. adjustments to the different forms that competitors use (base, bonus, benefits, etc) & the relative importance they place on each form occur less frequently than adjustments to overall pay level . it is unclear why changes to the pay mix occur less frequently than changes in the pay level 4. since rough pay forms may preserve employee behavior more than others, collecting information on total compensation, the mix of pay competitors us, and costs of various forms is increasingly consequential E. Adjust Pay Structure 1. survey information used for directly valuing jobs in some cases 2. in other instances, used to validate job eval uation results (see if market rates vary greatly from those obtained in the firms job evaluation)Study Special Situations 1. information used to review competitor pay scales in case of high turnover or to justify differentials betwixt certain grammatical gender dominated jobs in legal situations 2. many special studies appraise the starting salary wisecracks or current pay practices for targeted groups, such as patent attorneys, sales get offrs, or softw are engineers G. Estimate Competitors Labor Costs 1. surveys allow for organizations to compare labor costs especially in a highly competitive industry, as input for decisions making, etc. 2. hey may use salary survey data to benchmark against competitors product pricing and manufacturing practices IV. SELECT RELEVANT commercialize COMPETITORS A. To make decisions about pay level, mix, and structures, a relevant labor market must be defined that includes employers who compete in one or more of the following areas germane(predi cate) markets are expressed as employers who compete for the same occupations and skills required the geographic distance employees are willing to commute/relocate employers who compete with the same products/servicesB. As the importance and complexity of qualifications increase, the geographic limits likewise increase C. Competition tends to be home(a) or international for managerial and professional skills and local or regional for clerical and production skills D. The generalizations do not always hold true. Examples include 1. in areas with high concentrations of scientists, engineers, and managers, the primary market comparison may be regional, with national data used hardly secondarily 2. some larger firms ignore local market conditions E.Research suggests that if skills are tied to a particular industry, as underwriters, actuaries, and claims representatives are to insurance, the market should be defined on an industry basis 1. if certain skills, i. e. accounting, sales , clerical, are not limited to one particular industry, consequently(prenominal) industry considerations are less important. 2. from the perspective of cost control and ability to pay, competitors in the product/service market should be included since the pay rates of these competitors will affect both an employers costs of operations and its financial condition. F.While the quantity of data available for international comparisons is improving, using the data to adjust pay requires a hatch of judgment. G. Fuzzy market places 1. new organizations and jobs fuse together diverse knowledge and experience, so relevant markets appear more like fuzzy markets 2. organizations with unique jobs and structures face the double up bind of finding it hard to get comparable market data at the same time they are placing more emphasis on external market data V. Design the see A. Consulting firms offer a wide variety of surveys covering almost every job family and industry group imaginable.B. S urvey design involves considering the following issues 1. Who should be involved in the survey design? 2. How many employers should be included? 3. Which jobs should be included? 4. What information should be still? C. Whom to Involve? compensation specia make or HRM manager operating managers employees (task managers) outside consultants (avoid wage fixing allegations) D. How Many Employers? supposes on circumstances, no set/magic numbers game (problematic for global companies) in small markets with few employers 2 or 3 firms in larger local markets with 200-300 positions 12-24 firms in national labor market and some regional survey 100+ firms salary surveys reflect industry, geographical area Publicly Available Data a. The Bureau of Labor Statistics is the major source of in public available compensation data and publishes extensive information on various occupations in different geographic areas b. While some private sector firms may track the rate of change in BLS da ta as a cross-check on other surveys, the data are not specific affluent to be used alone Word-of-Mouse a.A click of the mouse makes a wealth of data available to everyone and means that managers must be able to explain the salaries gainful to employees compared to those a mouse-click away. b. The quality of salary data on the Web is highly suspect. Where Are the Standards? a. Opinions about the measure of consultant surveys are rampant b. Many firms select one survey as their primary source and use others to cross-check of validate the results c. Some firms routinely combine the results of several surveys and weight each survey in a composite based on a judgment of the quality of the data reported . For staffing decisions, employment test designers report the tests performance against a set of standards (reliability, validity, etc. ) For market surveys and analysis, similar indices and standards do not exist E. Which Jobs to Include? Keep the survey simple and include only enoug h jobs necessary to accomplish the purpose of the survey and to encourage participation 1. Benchmark Jobs Approach include only benchmark (stable in content) jobs in the surveys image that benchmark jobs represent all unction/levels in the firm slotting of remaining jobs 2. Low-High Approach useful for skills based structure that has no yoke with competitors identify highest and last(a) paid benchmark jobs for the relevant skills and use these as anchors for skills based structures slot the remaining wage rates into the structure 3. Benchmark Conversion Approach traditionalistic approach perform job evaluation on all jobs and use benchmarks on survey transfer salary info from benchmark jobs & convert internal structureF. What Information to Collect? Collect information about the nature of the organization (size, structure, financial) information about the total compensation system (bonus, benefit) actual rates paid to each incumbent for jobs included in survey No su rvey includes all the data included in the discussion the data collected depend on the purpose of the survey. Organization Data data includes company identification, financial information, size of company, and the structure of the organization. .Total Compensation Data all the basic types of pay forms are required to assess the total pay package and competitors practices data collected includes (1)Base pay amount of coin competitors decided each job and incumbent is worth. (2)Total cash includes base plus bonus indicates competitors use of performance-based cash payments. (3)Total compensation includes total cash plus stock options and benefits VI. INTERPRET SURVEY RESULTS & CONSTRUCT A MARKET LINE There is no iodin best approach that is used to analyze data.There are steps that the organization should take to ensure that use of the information is justified. A. Verify Data test for quality & accuracy of data (examine distribution patterns) check for accuracy of job matches (titles vs. descriptions) if jobs are similar but not identical, then leveling can be used to weight data according to closeness of match B. Anomalies 1. perusing actual salary data provides an analyst with a sense of the quality of the data and helps identify any areas for additional consideration. 2. nomalies may include 1) does any one company dominate? 2) do all employers taper similar patterns? 3) outliers? 3. analysis of the anomalies may indicate additional information about competitors pay policies, ex. a competitor may deliberately differentiate itself with pay as part of its strategy C. Statistical Analysis frequency distribution (organizes data into intervals) central tendency (mean, mode, median, weighted means) scatter (get some idea from mean and dispersion harbor, the distribution of wages ex. tandard deviation, quartiles/percentiles) outliers/extreme values can distort mean value using this information to establish a single wage value D. Update the Survey D ata to counteract aging of data, adjusts need to be made Extent of updating depends on historical trends in the marketplace sparing outlook for the future in the employers market consumer price index (CPI) managers judgement E. Construct a Market Pay Line Development of a market pay line involves making decisions about which benchmark jobs to include, which companies to include, and which measures of pay to use usually a straight line but can be curvilinear or hinged statistical techniques such as reverting analysis can be used to derive a market pay line pay level policy will reflect positioning of pay line (percentile) Definition A market line links a companys benchmark jobs on the horizontal axis (internal structure) with market rates paid by competitors (market survey) on the vertical axis. It summarizes the distribution of going rates paid by competitors in the market F. Combine Internal Structure and External Wage RatesThe internal consistency and external competitiv eness components of the pay model are unite through the development of the pay structure. The pay structure achieves deuce objectives 1. produces pay policy line to reflect market wages to internal structure 2. allows for pay ranges, and give the firm some internal flexibility VII. FROM POLICY TO PRACTICE THE PAY POLICY LINE A. The pay policy line reflects external competitive position in the market B. There are several ways to translate external competitive policy into practice 1.Choice of measure based on Colgates stated policy, Colgate would use the 50th percentile for base pay and the 75th percentile for total compensation as compensation measures in its regression 2. Updating the approach used by an organization to update salary survey data reflects its pay policy. C. Policy Line as Percent of Market Line. 1. another way to translate pay-level policy into practice is to simple specify a percent above or below the regression line (market line) that an employer intends to match and then draw a new line at this higher (or lower) level 2. here are substitutes among competitive pay policies, and there are alternative ways to translate policy into practice 3. if the practice does not match the policy, then employees receive the wrong message VIII. FROM POLICY TO PRACTICE GRADES AND RANGES Creating pay ranges is also part of designing a pay structure that reflects the organizations policies on maintaining internal alignment and external competitiveness A. Why Bother with Grades and Ranges? 1. grades and ranges offer flexibility to deal with pressures from external markets and differences among organizations quality differences among jobholders productivity differences among individuals differences in the mix of pay forms competitors use 2. ranges provide managers the opportunity to recognize individual performance differences with pay meet employee expectations that pay will increase with time encourage employees to remain with organization 3. from an in ternal alignment perspective a range reflects differences in performance experience 4. from an external competitiveness perspective, a range is a control device 5. ranges are not used by all employers skill-based plans establish single rates for each skill level regardless of performance or seniority flat rates are favored by unions (use regression formula) unspecific bands are being adopted for greater flexibility B. Develop Grades fairly similar jobs (comparable value) are grouped together lateral moves without change in pay allows for certain degree of flexibility some subjective decisions in designing pay grades makes it tough jobs grouped together for traditional purposes, career pathing C. Establish Ranges Midpoints, Minimums, and Maximums centre of each range serves as control point to correspond with the pay policy line following a matching(competitive) policy midpoint reflects pay level at which competent person is paid range spreads vary according to jobs (sp read increasing with worth) determine degree of overlap desired (arithmetic, geometric, random) D. What Size Should the Range Be? a. size of the range is based on judgment about how the ranges support career paths, promotions, and other organization systems. (1)top-level management positions typically have ranges of 30 to 60% above and below the midpoint 2)entry to mid-level professional and managerial positions typically have ranges of 15 to 30% above and below the midpoint (3)office and production work typically have ranges of 5 to 30% above and below the midpoint b. compensation managers use actual survey rates, particularly the 75th and 25th percentiles, as the range minimums and maximums c. another approach is to establish the minimum and maximum separately, with the amount between the minimum and the midpoint a function of how long it takes a new employee to plough fully competent E. Overlap (re rules of thumb) degree of overlap to mirror commonality between grades high deg ree of overlap indicate small differences in the value of jobs in adjoining grades ex. title change but not much change in pay overlap beyond three adjacent grades should be avoided jumps in pay grade should involve at least 10% differential size of differentials should support career movement thru structure difference between supervisor and worker approx. 1 grade or 15% IX. FROM POLICY TO PRACTICE BROAD BANDING A. Broad banding is a new technique 1. his approach consolidates approximately 4 5 traditional pay grades into a single band with one minimum and one maximum 2. since a band encompasses many jobs of differing values, a range midpoint is usually not specified B. Contrasts between ranges and broad bands are highlighted in Exhibit 8. 19 C. Supporters of broad bands list several advantages 1. they provide flexibility to define job responsibilities more broadly 2. they support redesigned, downsized, or boundary-less organizations that have eliminated layers of managerial jo bs 3. they foster cross-functional growth and development. a. mployees can move laterally across functions within a band to gain depth of experience b. emphasis on lateral movement with no pay adjustments helps manage the reality of fewer promotions in flattened organizational structures 4. flexibility eases mergers and acquisitions since there are not a lot of levels to argue over D. The most important difference between the grades and ranges and broad-banding approaches is the location of controls 1. grade and range approach has guidelines and controls designed into the pay system 2. band approach has only a total salary budget that provides constraints. E.Banding involves two steps 1. Set the number of bands a. examples indicate the use of 5 to 6 bands for pay purposes (1)Merck uses 6 bands for its entire pay structure (2)General galvanic replaced 24 levels of work with 5 bands b. the challenge is how much to pay employees who are in the same band but different functions perform ing different work 2. Price the bands and reference market rates a. each band will likely include multiple job families. b. based on external market differences in pay rates, the different functions within each band are likely to be priced differently collapsing several traditional grades into one or two career bands objective is to provide more flexibility in moving people among jobs dont need to change band or make pay adjustment when moved Steps 1. Set number of bands usually three to eight for pay purposes. 2. Price bands using reference market rates and zones 3. Determine within band (lateral) movement since purpose of banding is to encourage cross-functional movement X. BALANCING INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PRESSURES ADJUSTING THE PAY STRUCTURE A.Adjustments may be necessary in the pay structure to balance internal consistency and external competitiveness. B. A distinction has been made between the job structure and the pay structure 1. A job structure orders jobs on the basis of internal organizational factors that are reflected in job evaluation or skill/ ability certification 2. A pay structure is anchored by an organizations external competitive position and reflected in its pay-policy line C. Reconciling Differences Internal JE & external market survey results may not agree and may therefore produce two different structures pay structure vs. ob structure (ex. labor shortage may impact this) review of the JA and JE may be necessary to see if a job was accurately evaluated or to a/c for differences between market rate & internal rate managers tend to weigh market data more heavily than internal J. E. D. Locality Pay problems with governmental transfers (NYC vs. Des Moines) GS system makes no allowance for performance factor federal government pay system less sensitive to market changes Federal Employee Pay equivalence Act of 1990 (FEPCA) E. Compression caused by pressure of external forces vs. nternal factors outside wages increasing faster th an internal ones pay differential among jobs are smaller relative to KSA differences XI. MARKET PRICING strong emphasis on market de-emphasizes internal consistency. price as many jobs as possible in external market, then rank to mark the unique jobs appropriate for firms with lots of jobs comparable to external market down side is that it allows competitors (market) set pay policy XI. YOUR TURN Word-Of-Mouse dot com company Compensation Comparisons YOUR TURN 2Are Compensation Surveys Upward Biased?

Critical Review of Theory-Maternal Role Attainment Essay

Mercers (1984) Maternal Role Attainment (MRA) theory was built upon Rubins (1967) earlier work on development of the paternal post. Maternal role attainment is defined as a abut in which the mother achieves competence in the role and integrates the mothering behaviors into her established role set, so that she is comfortable in her identity as a mother (Mercer, 1984, p. 198). Mercer has extensively studied the process of MRA with a focus on mothers of normal newborns. take aim of ArticleAccording to Miles, Holditch-Davis, Burchinal, and Brunssen, (2011), one of the purposes of their study was to identify the most important maternal and infant behaviors in measuring the components of MRA in mothers of medically fragile infants. some other purpose was to examine the impact of specific maternal and infant qualities on the components of MRA over the first category of life (Miles et al., 2011). Finally the authors hoped to contribute to nursing scientific discipline about MRA wit h this rare population of infants (Miles et al., 2011, p. 21) as there has been little research regarding the process of MRA in mothers of medically fragile infants. Critical Elements of the TheoryThe authors assumed that maternal identity would be delayed because of difficulty in taking on parental roles with infants requiring high levels of care (Miles et al., 2011). They also surmised that maternal presence would decresase as the infants became former(a) and health increased (Miles et al., 2011). And finally competence would increase as the mother learned how to meet the health-related needs of her infant and was able to participate more full in care activities (Miles et al., 2011). The assumptions regarding presence and competence were proven correct according to study results however, maternal identity was not delayed in the study participants. The major(ip) concepts related to this study take maternal identity, maternal competence and maternal presence. The authors identifie d characteristics of the infant system as functional maturity and severity of the frys illness.Characteristics of the maternal system included illness-related distress, satisfaction with family, marital status, upbringingal level, and ethnicity (Miles et al., 2011). Characteristics of the infant and maternalsystems impact mother-infant interactions. According to the study, maternal identity was influenced only by worry. Maternal presence was only influenced by infant alertness. However maternal competence was related to infant alertness, parental role alteration stress during hospitalization, education and marital status (Miles et al., 2011). Referents include maternal confidence in role, the amount of participation in care activities for the infant, physical closeness to the infant, the quality of care effrontery and interaction with the infant. Theoretical Definitions and Empirical ReferentsMaternal identity is defined by the authors as the mothers perceptions and feelings of s elf as the mother of her infant (Miles et al., 2011, p. 22). The authors defined maternal competence as the quality of her parental caregiving and interaction and maternal presence as the amount of caregiving and physical closeness displayed with or felt towards her infant (Miles et al., 2011, p. 22). Empirical referents include Maternal Identity Scale Critically ill infant (MIS), Maternal interview rating, naturalistic observations of mother-infant interactions and the home observation for measurement of the home environment (HOME) (Miles et al., 2011).ReferencesMercer, R. T. (1984). The process of maternal role attainment over the first year. Nursing Research, 34, 198-204. Miles, M. S., Holditch-Davis, D., Burchinal, M. R., & Brunssen, S. (2011). Maternal role attainment with medically fragile infants Part 1. Measurement and correlates during the first year of life. Research in Nursing & Health, 34, 20-34. Rubin, R. (1967). Attainment of the maternal role Part 1. Processes. Nursin g Research, 16, 237-245. Rubin, R. (1967). Attainment of the maternal role Part 2. Models and refferants. Nursing Research, 16, 342-351.